Computer Class

You are composing an examination paper for your history class and have discovered a photograph on the Web that you might want to utilize. You are mindful about utilizing photographs on the Web in light of copyright Issues and photographs that have been modified carefully. By what method may you check the legitimacy of a photograph on the Web? When utilizing a hotspot for an examination paper It Is in every case Important to confirm the book, site, photograph, etc.In request to confirm the legitimacy of a photograph on the Web, individuals need to check the source as to wear It originated from, If the site Is not a site with absentia approval, at that point the photograph Is not an asset that they should use In their paper. Likewise there Is currently a Google â€Å"Search by Images† page. This permits individuals to reorder the image Into the internet searcher and see where It originated from. In the event that the sources that surface don't have precise approval of the photog raph then It Is not a proper asset that individual ought to use for their paper. Work Password Management: You should recall numerous client names and passwords to get to different PC assets inside your organization. Each time your organization presents another framework, you should recollect another client name and secret phrase, some of which you can't modify. What steps will you take to deal with your passwords? While overseeing passwords and client names that you were given by your organization consistently make a point to record it on a specific bit of paper and put it in a safe place.Nowadays there are such a significant number of things that you have to have a client name and secret key for. Work is one of the principle things. While presenting another framework, and accepting another client name and secret word make a paper that debris the remainder of your blades and client names on there with a short depiction of what the site is about. This will permit you to recollect th e site, yet in addition have your client name and secret key handy.One more thing is that while making this paper you should locate a protected spot to put it so nobody can utilize the paper to login to your record. Ensure you know where the paper is and don't tell anybody in such a case that they discover where the paper is, different laborers can possibly fail or change your vocation. PC Class By ministers utilizing photographs on the Web in light of copyright issues and photographs that have been When utilizing a hotspot for an exploration paper it is in every case essential to confirm the book, site, photograph, and so forth. N request to confirm the legitimacy of a photograph on the Web, individuals need to check the source as to wear it originated from, on the off chance that the site isn't a site with significant approval, at that point the photograph isn't an asset that they should use in their paper. Likewise there is currently a Google â€Å"Search by Images† page.

Interest Rate Options Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Loan fee Options - Essay Example As the paper delcares a typical case of this bond is, the Treasury Bond Futures Option. Others are Treasury Notes Futures Options and Eurodollar Futures Options. The Treasury Bond Future Options is estimated at 1/64th of 1% of the Treasury Bond face esteem; the Eurodollar Futures Bond is determined at 0.01 premise point esteem being identical to $25. It is to be noted here that the loan fee prospects costs are in a roundabout way relative to the bond cost increments or abatement. This report examines that Black’s model is a transformation from the Black Scholes Model, which utilizes the pace of enthusiasm as the base for valuing the alternatives. The most significant factor is that it capacities on the suppositions that â€Å"a key market variable will be lognormally circulated at a future time†. At the point when Black's model is utilized to esteem the cost of European loan fee alternatives, the value of future cost of V for an agreement developing at time T, is normally set equivalent to the forward cost of V instead of its fates cost. This is more hypothetical than functional since for this situation you should expect that the paces of intrigue additionally stay steady while limiting over a similar time of future, which is unquestionably not the situation. This is an alternative which has pre-decided selling cost and time. This worth is resolved dependent on the Black’s Model presumptions, that the cost is lognormal at the pre-fixed ti me later on. The estimation of the bond choice can be worked out with the accompanying conditions utilizing the Black’s model which sets Fo equivalent to the forward bond cost.

Coping With the Fear of Blood

Coping With the Fear of Blood Phobias Types Print Symptoms and Treatment for the Fear of Blood By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 13, 2019 Martin Barraud/OJO Images/Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Causes Hemophobia in Popular Culture Consequences Treatment View All Back To Top Hemophobia, or fear of blood, is a common specific phobia. The fear is categorized by the DSM-5  (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th Ed.) as part of the subtype “blood-injection-injury” phobias. This subtype, which also includes needle phobia, can cause symptoms that are not frequently seen in other types of specific phobias. Symptoms Most types of specific phobia cause heart rate and blood pressure to rise. Hemophobia and other blood-injection-injury phobias frequently cause a drop in blood pressure and heart rate. The sudden drop can lead to fainting, a relatively common response to the sight of blood. Anticipatory anxiety, in which you may experience a racing heart, shaking, and gastrointestinal distress, is common in the hours and days before an upcoming encounter with blood. Causes Hemophobia is often related to other phobias. Trypanophobia, or fear of medical needles, is sometimes associated with hemophobia. Some people with a fear of blood also have other medical phobias, such as fears of doctors and dentists. The field of medicine is popularly associated with gruesome images of spilled blood, particularly in television and movies, which may help to perpetuate such phobias. Hemophobia may also be associated with health phobias including hypochondriasis and nosophobia. Bleeding is an indication that something is wrong with the body, and the sight of one’s own blood can be enough to trigger? health anxiety. In those who experience  mysophobia  or fear of germs, the sight of someone else’s blood can trigger fears of catching a disease. In some cases, the fear of blood may be related to the fear of death. Hemophobia may be caused by a previous negative experience with blood. Those who have been through a traumatic injury or illness that caused a major loss of blood may be at increased risk. However, hemophobia may be inherited or even be rooted in evolutionary factors. Hemophobia in Popular Culture Because the fear of blood is extremely common, it is frequently exploited in popular culture. Horror movies and Halloween events prey on our natural aversion to blood, often featuring large quantities of fake blood in full Technicolor glory. Of course, as the 1980s slasher genre proved, it is easy to become emotionally numb to such images, particularly for those who have a fear, but not a full-blown phobia. Part of the reason that the shower scene in 1960s Psycho is still considered a masterpiece is the relative lack of gore. The scene was shot in black and white, and the knife never actually pierces the skin. Yet the mind fills in all of the details of a gruesome knife attack. Spilled blood sometimes creates a paradoxâ€"we can’t bear to look, yet we can’t bring ourselves to look away. Consequences Hemophobia can cause a wide range of difficulties that may prove life-limiting or even dangerous. If you are afraid of blood, you may be reluctant to seek medical treatment. You might postpone or avoid annual physicals and needed medical tests. You may refuse surgery or dental treatments. Parents with hemophobia may find it difficult or impossible to bandage their children’s wounds. You might pass these tasks off to your spouse whenever possible. You may also overreact to minor injuries in your children as well as yourself, frequenting emergency rooms or walk-in clinics when home treatment would suffice. A fear of blood may also cause you to limit activities that carry a risk of injury. You might be unable to participate in outdoor activities such as hiking, camping or running. You may avoid sports, carnival rides and other activities that you perceive as dangerous. Over time, such avoidant behaviors can lead to isolation. You might develop a social phobia  or, in extreme cases, agoraphobia. Your relationships might suffer, and you might find it difficult to participate in even the normal activities of daily living. Feeling depressed  is not unusual. Treatment Hemophobia responds very well to many treatment methods. One of the most common is cognitive-behavioral therapy. You will learn to replace your fearful self-talk with healthier responses to the sight of blood. You will also learn new behaviors and coping strategies. If your phobia is severe, medications can help control the anxiety, allowing you to focus on treatment strategies. Other forms of talk therapy, hypnosis, and even alternative treatments may also be helpful. A skilled therapist can guide you through the process of recovery, which can be difficult or impossible on your own. With help, though, there is no reason for hemophobia to control your life.

A Brief History of Slot Machines

According to Legal Slots, the term slot machines was originally used for all automatic vending machines as well as for the gambling devices, it was not until the 20th century that the term became restricted to the latter. A fruit machine is one British term for a slot machine. The one-armed bandit is another popular nickname. Charles Fey Liberty Bell The first mechanical slot machine was the Liberty Bell, invented in 1895 by car mechanic, Charles Fey (1862–1944) of San Francisco. The Liberty Bell slot machine had three spinning reels. Diamond, spade, and heart symbols were painted around each reel, plus the image of a cracked Liberty Bell. A spin resulting in three Liberty Bells in a row gave the biggest payoff, a grand total of fifty cents or ten nickels. The original Liberty Bell slot machine can still be seen be at the Liberty Belle Saloon Restaurant in Reno, Nevada. Other Charles Fey machines include the Draw Power, and Three Spindle and the Klondike. In 1901, Charles Fey invented the first draw poker machine. Charles Fey was also the inventor of the trade check separator, which was used in the Liberty Bell. The hole in the middle of the trade check allowed a detecting pin to distinguish fake nickels or slugs from real nickels. Fey rented his machines to saloons and bars based on a 50/50 split of the profits.​ Demand for Slot Machines Grows The demand for Liberty Bell slot machines was huge. Fey could not build them fast enough in his small shop. Gambling supply manufacturers tried to buy the manufacturing and distribution rights to the Liberty Bell, however, Charles Fey refused to sell. As a result in 1907, Herbert Mills, a Chicago manufacturer of arcade machines, began production of a slot machine, a knock-off of Feys Liberty Bell, called the Operator Bell. Mills was the first person to place fruit symbols: i.e. lemons, plums, and cherries on machines. How The Original Slots Worked Inside each cast iron slot machine there were three metal hoops called reels. Each reel had ten symbols painted on it. A lever was pulled that spun the reels. When the reels stopped, a jackpot was awarded if three of a kind of symbol lined up. The payoff in coinage was then dispensed from the machine. Age of Electronics The first popular electric gambling machine was the 1934 animated horse race machine called PACES RACES. In 1964, the first all-electronic gambling machine was built by Nevada Electronic called the 21 machine. Other all electronic versions of gambling games followed including ones for dice, roulette, horse racing, and poker (Dale Electronics Poker-Matic was very popular). In 1975, the first electronic slot machine was built by the Fortune Coin Company.

Human Resources Management - 1025 Words

INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Midterm Exam Instructor: å•Ÿé™ ½Ã©â‚¬ ± Name: Mayling Jou ä ¾ ¯Ã§ ¾Å½Ã§Å½ ² Student ID: D0042335 Department: BIBA (sophomore) Due Date: November 8th, 2012 Part I) Employee death sparks outrage at sourcing factories in China (2009). 1. Was Mr. Sun’s reaction to the accusation of the theft something that only might be expected in China? I think the suicide of Mr. Sun was not only an escape for the accusation of theft something, but this reaction involves more than the theft of an intellectual property. Behind the simple fact of a theft, there are many other factors that made him kill himself, such as shiftwork and late night work, excessive working hours over a short period, long hours with inadequate†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Spell out venue, choice of law and jurisdiction, particularly if the subcontractor that the business is working with is located out of the country. Part II) Work Councils and â€Å"Inform and consult† In the EU: HP Acquires Compaq. 1. What do the EU directives on works councils and â€Å"Inform and Consult† require in a situation like this? To whom do these directives apply? The EU Directives require companies with more than 1,000 employees throughout the EU and, with at least 150 employees in each one the two countries, which can lead the establishment of works councils to receive information and consultation in all the decisions of the company. All this is really important, because it provides values that cut across national borders. In addition, the larger employers not only need to establish works councils, but must also establish a Europe wide council. This means that any decisions, such as work restructuring, plant or office closings, or even the movement from one country to another (outsourcing, layoffs, workforce agreements), all require firms to inform and consult with their councils previously to the implementation of those kinds of decisions. So, this is applied for all multinational firms. 2. What is it about European culture that has led to the development and implementation of these sorts of practices and policies? Why haven’t they developed inShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1140 Words   |  5 Pagesa business efficiently? Human Resource Management (HRM). Human Resources is the solid foundation that practically oversees the entire organization, whether its managing employees to surveilling the progress of every single department. There are six principle functions that Human Resource take into account: employee relations, recruitment, compliance, compensation and benefits, training and development, and safety (policies/regulations). Over time Human Resource Management has taken a new role intoRead MoreHuman Resources Management And Human Resource Management2123 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The study of human resource management becomes a major topic of the science of management at the beginning of 20th century and keeps attracting researchers’ attention (Merkle, 1980). The new models of human resource management derive from the advance of management theories and the accumulation of practices and experiences. With the development of global economy, the economic situation of each country deeply affects the world and becomes closely connected. In addition, the needs of customersRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1138 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resources Management Hilti continues to grasp on success and expand globally, but their path weren’t always well defined. The company began in 1941 and historically they’ve kept to traditional strategies when it came to recognizing human resource requirements. In the early 2000’s, the company established a new set initiatives, aimed at doubling revenue and operating profits. Hilti also recognized that this type of growth would require invigorating ideas to employ human resourcing requirementsRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Human Resources Management941 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management is one of the most important aspects of any organization, whether it be non-profit, not for profit, or profit. Human Resources Management is what makes it possible for a manager to be able to focus on their work and tasks at hand and not have to deal with lots of unneeded interpersonal activities. They are in charge of correctly evaluating the candidates that the managers will have to work with for the duration of the candidate’s stay. They are responsible for makingRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management835 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management â€Å"They humanize the brand and help workforce communities thrive† (Who). A human resource management position may be the job for you. Every business and enterprise has a human resource manager, including Starbucks, Disney and even Apple. This job includes planning and coordination, organization, consulting employees and to oversee the work and employees. All the schooling and stress that comes along with this occupation pays off in the end with an enjoyable job. HumanRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1398 Words   |  6 Pages Human Resource Management Overview Tanya Phillips Dr. Andrea Scott, PhD HSA 320, Strayer University October 31, 2016 Human Resources Management Overview Human resources (HR) is the different kinds of clinical and nonclinical responsibilities for public and individual health involvement. The benefits and performance the system can deliver depends upon the knowledge, skills and motivation of those responsible for providing health services. Human resource managers don’t directlyRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management2534 Words   |  11 PagesIn most cases managers look at human resource management as an expense to a company rather than a source of benefit to the company however, research has proved that human resource management practices can be of greater value. Valuable decisions such as whom to recruit, what package to offer, the training necessary for the new recruits and how to assess employee performance directly affects the employee motivation and as such do affect the ability of the employee to provide products which the consumersRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management95 8 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management Overview As we all know when it comes to every business and organization that is out there, they all need help from Human Resources to continue to help the company grow. What is human resource management? Well Human Resource Management is the overall process that deals with how Human Resources manages their employees as well as different issues that can come across within the organization. Human Resource Management are in charge of different tasks including recruiting asRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management820 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management Proper Planning is one of the most important aspects of human resource management. Without proper execution of plans, the particular needs of an organization that are the responsibility of human resources will not be reached, and therefore, will fall short of what is necessary for meeting the goals of an organization (DeCenzo, Robbins Verhulst 2013).There are many facets a human resource manager must be familiar with in order to run an organization. The functions of humanRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Human Resources Management1264 Words   |  6 Pagesand research with my family, I decided to go into human resource management, specifically in a hospital. Many people questioned and often said â€Å"Why human resource management?† My answer, I chose human resource managers because I believe they are a vital part of a hospitals success. They make the plans, they direct the staff and they coordinate how people work together and where they need to be. Throughout this paper , I will describe human resource managers- what they do, what are the requirements

A Report On Energy And Our School - 1902 Words

Introduction: For our Go4SET project, we chose to do ‘Energy and our school’. We chose this through elimination; our school is rather well equipped with sport and leisure facilities; being a private facility on lease by the council, we have a fully-fledged theatre, leisure center and large grounds with football pitches, so there was no need to be doing a report relating to sport. This left 2 options: recycling, or energy. We believe that in the current economic climate energy costs are of greater concern to our school and council; we do not dismiss the economic and environmental importance of recycling; we just believe it should not take centre stage, given the rising fuel costs and our unique circumstances. Also, since our school is connected to the main power grid, the electricity that we currently receive is from non renewable energy sources, which harm the environment; it would help us to create some form of energy generation which does not harm us. A good representation of our cu rrent predicament shown by the graph on the right, which is graph 1: As you can see, a majority of our energy in the country comes from non renewable energy sources, so it would be reasonable to say our school gets mainly powered by non renewable energy sources. If we were to incorporate green energy, however, it would be doing our part in order to better the environment, and create a better world for all of us. One other point to consider was that we are part of a joint school with RedwoodShow MoreRelatedThe Washoe County School District865 Words   |  4 PagesThe Washoe County School District recognizes the importance of sustainability and how sustainability will allow for our stakeholders to have a successful future. As a district we believe in implementing sustainable values in each person that we come into contact with by leading lives that are reflective of creating a sustainable future. The WCSD defines sustainability as: creating an environment that promotes learning, civic engagement, and collaboration in ways that create mindful citizens thatRead MoreUnit 1 Assignment 11272 Words   |  6 Pagescurrent Texas State Representative is Matt Rinaldi. 1 Texas State Senate District 16 and Texas State Senator is Don Huffines. From website www.house.state.tx.us/members/member-page/?district=115, district analyses reports can be found and downloaded. From the â€Å"District Profile Reports -TEXAS HOUSE DISTRICT 115 ACS 2010-2014 Estimates†, data showed in Texas House District 115, total population is 180,798. Percentage of 0-4 years: 7.5%, 5-17years: 18.1%, 18-64 years: 66.4%, 65years and over: 8.0%.Read MoreThe National Of Public Policy1194 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Calgary’s School of Public Policy, recently undertook a series of surveys of Canadian residents to establish baseline energy literacy levels in the general population and within the business and policy leader and Aboriginal-Canadian populations (Moore, Turcotte, Winter, 2012; 2014, Moore, Turcotte, Winter Walp, 2013). For the purposes of their study they defined energy literacy as â€Å"a term that reflects a composite of consumer’s values and knowledge regarding the energy system that supportsRead MoreVerizon Communications Inc. Corporate Social Responsibility1218 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility, Verizon Communications Inc. has , and continues to, meticulously plant its feet into the web of the triple-bottom line. While maintaining their credo which is â€Å"a blueprint that directs us to live up to the highest standards when serving our customers, shareowners, communities, and each other†, Verizon aligns their overall goal to â€Å"design, build, and operate global networks, information systems and mobile technologies that connect people, grow businesses and economies, and improve communities†Read MoreThe Product Of Organic Energy Drinks Appeal For A Small Section Of The Population Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pageswholesale trade code # 41. My company is a production company because we are creating our product in house by mixing ingredients together and bottling the final product for distribution. We are also considered be a wholesale trade company because we distribute our product to retailers and vending machine operators. In our opinion, this describes my product correctly because we produ ce our product in-house and then sell it to our B2B clients (not to customer directly). 2. What source of competitive advantageRead MoreAccreditation Process For Patients And Providers Act ( Mippa )1476 Words   |  6 Pagesradiology residency or 80 hours of documented, relevant classroom instruction including diagnostic radiology and radiation safety physics. Educational efforts in this regard include Tom Slovis’s initiative to make radiation dose and risk part of medical school curriculum. (Frush, D. 2011). So why get registered? Let s take for an example of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. They were not fully aware of how much radiation their brain scans were giving off and doctor s were astonished by whatRead MoreBuilding A New Community Within The City1207 Words   |  5 PagesWritten Report By: Eva Qiao Charles was founded in 2014 and owned by Maggie Hu Eva Joe. Our corporate philosophy is to do our best to make our customers satisfied and help build more meaningful relationships, our environment activities can be traced back to the January 2014, when we launched the environmental activities of the Preparatory Committee in order to confirm the current situation. In April of the same year, we began the green activities of the Commission, and activitiesRead MoreThe Link Between Food Promotion And Eating Behavior1642 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity of Strathclyde.2 Though the findings are heavily qualified, the authors conclude that advertising to children does have an adverse effect on food preferences, purchasing behaviour and consumption. Comment in the media was less ambivalent: the report was taken as clear evidence that the large food corporations are out of control and that tough action is required to curb their excesses. The Lancet concurred, with an editorial attacking sports celebrities and food manufacturers for their cynicalRead MoreAmerican Society Of Civil Engineers1121 Words   |  5 PagesEvery four years, the American Society of Civil Engineers releases a Report card that examines the condition and performance of the U.S.’s infrastructure in the familiar form of a school report card by assigning letter grades to each type of infrastructure. The ASCE defines infrastructures as basic physical and organizational structure needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function . It is shameful that the overall gradeRead MoreInfrastructure Of Infrastructure And Infrastructure934 Words   |  4 PagesInfrastructure We are constantly surrounded by infrastructure assets. Infrastructure consists of all the assets that countries require to enable its daily operations and orderly functions. Transportation, energy, communications and water, are some of the infrastructure assets that serve as the backbone to our society. While traveling this summer with my family, I realized just how far behind the U.S. is compared to other parts of the world when it is considered one of the most advanced countries in the world

Programming Languages Essay Example For Students

Programming Languages Essay A programming language is a set of English-like instructions that includes a set of rules for putting the instructions together to create commands. A translator changes the English-like commands into numeric code that the computer can understand. The most common type of translator is a compiler. The compiler is program that reads English-like commands in a file and than creates another file containing computer readable numeric code or commands. I will be talking about some of the major functions and uses six high-level programming languages. Java was developed by Sun MicroSystems and released in 1995. Java is based on C and C++ and incorporates many features object-oriented languages. It is a compiled language, but its code output is interpreted. This makes Java ideal for cross-development. The downside to its interpreted code is speed. Javas object-oriented is fundamental, and all code and data in a Java program exist within the object-oriented class. Javas exception handiling with try, catch, and throw statements provide the solution for writing reliable code that responds to all possible error conditions. Another advantage of Java is a String class that does away with null-terminated, length byte and other types of strings. It is also multithreaded which a class can easily provide code that runs concurrently with other programing. Another advantage is the lack of a pointer-type data and memory management which tends to be a very bug-prone area. Memory is organized by Javas virtual machine garbage collector. Java provi des a rich class library in beavery bug-prone area. Memory is organized by Javas virtual machine garbage collector. Java provides a rich class library in the forms of packages imported into modules. Since Java is interpreted locally on the users system, a security manager can completely control disk access, window creation, and memory management. C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labortories in 1972. C was originally designed as symbolic code that formalized programming prasctices used at the time. In 1978 C blossomed into what was to become the most popular programming language ever. C offers programmers three advantages: The first is general pourpose programming which allows you to write games, business software, utilities, mathematical models, wordprocessors, spredsheets, and other kinds of software. The second is structured programming which means it uses structured statements such as while and for loops in place of goto statements that are easily misused. Third is that its a standardized programming language, which is ANSI C, the reconized standard for programming language. C++ was developed by Bjnarnte Strounstrip in the early 80s at Bell Labortories. It is an object-oriented programming language which contains three elements: First is encapsulation which extends the capacity of modularity. Second is polymorphism which is the use of a name or symbol. Third is inheritance which allows the designer to take existing objects and create new ones that inherit the properties of an earlier object. Objects are created in C++ through the mechanism of the class which is a data type similar to the C structure. However it differs from the C structure in many important ways. The most important is that it not only contains varible numbers, but also function numbers which are the methods that act on the varible numbers. C++ class also contains two basic sections, a private section and a public section. A private sectons is parts of a class that are available to member functions but that cannot be accessed from outside the function. A public section defines the interfa ce between the class object and the rest of the program. The class data type is the focus of C++, everyting in the language revolves around this user-defined data type. C++ is a evolutionary step up from C, much of its syntax is identical to that of C. Some of the basic features and syntax that are shared by both are The Main( ) function, the use of function arguments,arithmetic and logical operators, control and looping statement,Bit wise communication, and basic data types. .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 , .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 .postImageUrl , .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 , .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00:hover , .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00:visited , .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00:active { border:0!important; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00:active , .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00 .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u41dd9b4f8f7265f3a52dc69fc63a4f00:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: George Frideric Handel EssayVisual basic evolved from BASIC. It was created by Microsoft Corporation in 1991. Visual basic is an example of a graphical-based language which allows the user to directly work with graphics. It is created in an Integrated Development Enviorment (IDE). IDE allows the programmer to run, debug, and create Visual basic programs convienietly. It also allows programmers to make programs in fraction of the time it would normally take. Visual basic is also the most widely used Rapid Application Development language which is the process of rapidly creating an application. Its an event-driven language that does not follow a defined sequence of instructi ons. It responds to events to execute different sets of instructions depending on which event occurs. Visual basic is also an object-oriented language, it uses identifiable shapes, each of which has certain properties and can respond to a variety of events. Cobol is a programming language especially aimed at solving business problems and can be used as a solution to many data processing problems. Cobol was developed by the conference on Data Systems Languages convened in 1959 byu te Department of Defense. Approximatly 90% of all Cobol code runs in character based enviorment and contains no grahics. A Cobol program is made up of four mandatory divisions: The Identification division which marks the beginning of a Cobol program. Second is the Enviorment division which contains statements or commands to describe the physical enviorment in which Cobol is running. Third the Data division which contains statements describing the data used by the program. Lastly the Procedure division which contains the Cobol statements that the program will execute after the program stars running. A Cobol source code file has five areas extending from left to write across the page. The first six chracters of a line are called the sequence number area. This are a provides with warning that numbers are out of sequence. Cobol has a certain minimum amount of code that is required for all programs, this is usually called a shell program. Delphi is a Rapid Application progarm which now progrrammers can use tools which are more intuitive and visual. Delphi uses Object Pascal as its foundation language, which has been one of the fastest compilers in the business. Also object-based extensions has been added to the language to support good programming practices and efficent code. Delphi is capeble of using OCX controls, which is a 32-bit OLE-based custom control. Delphi also allows you to create OLE automation servers and clients. These automation objects give you the flexibility of creating programs that perform tasks in the backround and put the results back to your application. Anoter advantage for Delphi is the ability to write multi-threaaded applications. In a multi-tasking enviorment thi is important, as your applications become more comple, it is necessary to execute your applications in seprate pieces, which are called threads. In conclusion, the following was an overview of six high level languages. Many are similar, but there are very distinct features and advantages to each language

Muslim Empires free essay sample

The Ottoman Turks consisted of Turkic-speaking nomadic people who had spread westward from Central Asia in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries. They were located in the northwestern corner of the peninsula, which allowed them to expand westward and eventually take over empires between the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. The sultan was the supreme authority in both a political and a military sense. Administrative and military power were centralized under the bey, who was only a tribal leader, tribal law was before Muslim law. The Ottoman authorities were Sunni Muslims. The sultan assigned duties to a supreme religious authority, who then maintained a system of schools to educate Muslims. There were some who believed in Sufism or other doctrines, but the government allowed it as long as they were still loyal to the empire. Non-Muslims had to pay a head tax since they were exempt from military service. The Ottoman Empire was divided into four main occupational groups: peasants, artisans, merchants, and pastoral people. We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Empires or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shah Ismail founded the Safavid Dynasty. The Safavids was a mixed society like the Ottoman Empire; majority of the population were Iranian. They used the Shi’ite faith, and Shi’ism was declared the state religion. Like the Ottoman’s sultan, the Safavids had their shahs who would check up on their people. This empire was not as wealthy as the Ottomans and the Mughals. Their greatest area of productivity was in textiles. The founder of the Mughal Dynasty is known as Babur. Ruling of the dynasty was passed down from Babur to his son, Humayun, and then to his grandson, Akbar. As emperor, Akbar didn’t just focus on the views of Muslim but also gave Christian views a chance. He later formed a new type of worship called the Divine Faith, which combined characteristics of different religions. He believed in having a harmonious society, which meant each individual and group would play their assigned role and contribute their part to society. This dynasty was the last of the great traditional Indian dynasties. All three of the empires were Muslim, and they all displayed an impressive capacity to create and run a large empire. The Muslim World was protected by the military and political abilities of these empires. Unlike their European counterparts, these empires continued to thrive.

Commentary on Lord Of The Flies Simons Death Essays

Commentary on Lord Of The Flies Simons Death Essays Commentary on Lord Of The Flies Simons Death Paper Commentary on Lord Of The Flies Simons Death Paper Essay Topic: Lord Of the Flies Simons Death, Lord Of The Flies In this passage that I analyzed, it’s right before Simon gets killed. The other guys on the island killed Simon and it was a truly brutal murder. They attacked Simon like a hunter attacking his prey; it was as if the boys were all animals. This passage actually shows how the boys changed towards the end of the book and it shows the effects of the island on the boys. The island has turned the boys into monsters. William Golding believed that human beings were born evil and the lack of rules just let them show their true selves, I don’t believe this, I believe that people are raised evil and especially childhood traumas can effect the future of the person. If a child was abused and didn’t have a loving family as a child they might unconsciously act the same way towards their children or people surrounding them. The children on the island had no boundaries, they did whatever they pleased, they didn’t have a stable lifestyle with people taking care of them and giving them food and a safe place to sleep in. On the island the boys had to do everything themselves, they had to build homes, a fire, and they had to hunt for food. These children were very young and the hunting must have seemed extremely cool to them and they must have loved the feeling that comes with killing another living thing because most of them did not even feel a tiny amount of guilt when they killed Simon, this is very upsetting. Simon was the representation of peace and spirituality in the book, after Simon’s death the boys lost the last bit of serenity they had amongst them and caused chaos all over the island, in the end they lit the island on fire and it was the representation of war. The boys murdered Simon in a brutal way while singing and dancing by the campfire. The boys have changed so much throughout the course of the book. The boys started off as innocent scared boys and turned into brave, psychotic murderers.

Comparing between google and yahoo companies Essay

Comparing between google and yahoo companies - Essay Example Furniture and fixtures 861,000 2,000 Leasehold improvements 290,000 3,000 2,671,000 244,000 Less: accumulated depreciation (448,000) (58,000) $2,223,000 $186,000 Accrued expenses and other current liabilities: Accrued vacation, wages, and other employee benefits $894,000 $110,000 Accrued professional service expenses 706,000 48,000 Accrued content costs 554,000 - Other 2,213,000 362,000 $4,367,000 $520,000 Analysis and Results Table 2:Yahoo! Inc: Financial Statement Financial data in U.S. Dollars Values in Millions (Except for per share items) 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Period End Date 12/31/2007 12/31/2006 12/31/2005 12/31/2004 12/31/2003 Period Length 12 Months 12 Months 12 Months 12 Months 12 Months Stmt Source 10-K 10-K 10-K 10-K 10-K Stmt Source Date 02/27/2008 02/27/2008 02/27/2008 02/23/2007 03/03/2006 Stmt Update Type Updated Reclassified Reclassified Reclassified Reclassified Revenue 6,969.27 6,425.68 5,257.67 3,574.52 1,625.1 Total Revenue 6,969.27 6,425.68 5,257.67 3,574.52 1,625.1 Cost of Revenue, Total 2,838.76 2,675.72 2,096.2 1,342.34 370.09 Gross Profit 4,130.52 3,749.96 3,161.47 2,232.18 1,255.01 Selling/General/Administrative Expenses, Total 2,243.79 1,851.06 1,375.02 1,072.92 709.67 Research & Development 1,084.24 833.15 569.53 368.76 207.29 Depreciation/Amortization 107.08 124.79 109.2 101.92 42.39 Interest Expense (Income), Net Operating 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unusual Expense (Income) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Operating Expenses, Total 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Operating Income 695.41 940.97 1,107.73 688.58 295.67 Interest Income (Expense), Net Non-Operating 131.27 139.78 1,092.45 475.96 45.98 Gain (Loss) on Sale of Assets 14.24 15.16 337.97 0.0 0.0 Other,... Google generates income by delivering relevant, cost-effective online marketing. Businesses employ Google AdWords program to support their products and services by means of targeted advertising. On top, the thousands of third-party web sites that encompass Google Network use Google AdSense plan to deliver related ads that produce revenue and improve the user experience. (Lawrence, Joehnk, Krueger, 2008) Yahoo Company develops and upholds a branded Internet navigational service specifically along with the most widely used directs for information and finding on the World Wide Web. The corporation was integrated in California on March 5, 1995 and inaugurated operations on that date. The financial tables of google and yahoo are being given in this report. (Lawrence, Joehnk, Krueger, 2008) Yahoo's main purpose is to connect people to their enthusiasms, communities, and the world's knowledge and Google's main purpose is to organize the world's information and construct it across the world accessible and useful. (Bamber, Braun, Harrison, 2008)

Business strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business strategies - Essay Example The aspect of employing diversification strategy is viewed as one of the effective as well as proficient business tactics, which assists the organisations to grow considerably in future. The word ‘diversification’ is typically linked with a specific transformation especially in the features relating with the aspect of product line or the business market of a business organisation. The major objective of implementing the facet of diversification strategy is to introduce new product in the business market along with attaining significant market share (Ansoff, n.d.). As a matter of fact, Toyota is always recognised as an innovative business organisation especially in the automobile industry. The aspect of innovation has been observed in the production system of the organisation along with the cost factor while taking the quality of its valuable products into greater heights. In this context, the main strategic reasons of Toyota in order to choose the aspect of diversificati on strategy include effectively complying with the business market demands and maintaining the technology in relation to environment friendly aspect which is constantly becoming a core principle of its several products. Furthermore, the other significant reasons behind Toyota pursuing the idea of diversification strategy broadly include viewing a better opportunity for synergy, increased rate of market competition in automobile industry and ultimately expanding its production facilities around the business world (Scribd Inc., 2012). Additionally, the different reasons behind Toyota pursuing the diversification strategy across its broad business operating regions can greatly be understood by focusing upon the targets that are made individually towards its the employees, business partners, shareholders, local community or global society and ultimately the customers. From the viewpoint of the staff, Toyota mainly prioritises diversification strategy in order to generate safer as well a s healthy working situation that would ultimately assist the organisation to make successful and effective growth in future. In terms of the business partners, Toyota strives for executing diversification strategy with the intention of establishing along with developing advantageous business relationship especially with the distributors or dealers and the suppliers. From the outlook of the shareholders, Toyota believes that the adequate execution of diversification strategy might ensure sustainable growth along with making strong and stable base for making business. With regard to the global society and local communities, Toyota realises the necessity of diversification strategy in order to respect the business culture along with the customs belonging to every country and contributing towards communal development. Moreover, with the intention of minimising congestion along with traffic accidents, the organisation i.e. Toyota deeply focuses upon the execution of diversification strat egies in relation to the global society or local community. Finally, from the perspective of the ultimate customers, Toyota seeks for delivering reliable and safe

Growth Of Islamic Fundamentalism In South Asia History Essay

Growth Of Islamic Fundamentalism In South Asia History Essay Islamic fundamentalism is not a new phenomenon. In recent times, it has acquired a militant and jihadi form. It has grown because of the failure of the ruling elite in South Asian countries in nation building and in constructing democratic polities. Successive regimes, both civilian and military, in some of the countries in the region have used Islam as a means to legitimise their rule. As seen in previous chapter that the Islamic fundamentalism has been well entrenched in Pakistans power structure for the last two decades or so, ever since the military rule of General Zia-ul Haq. Pakistan militarys alliance with the Mullahs was formed during this period. The conglomerate of six fundamentalist parties, the Muttahida Majlise Amal (MMA), controls the provincial government in the strategic NWFP, where it has already enforced a kind of Taliban rule. The MMA is also part of the government in Baluchistan. Subsequently Gen. Musharraf strengthened the Mullah-Military alliance. In the subsequent paragraphs we will study the Islamic fundamentalism in various other asian countries and pak role in spreading this fundamenatalism. PART I: ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN AFGHANISTAN Afghanistan and the Rise of Taliban Demography. Afghanistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzebkistan and China. Its population approximately stand somewhere between 15 and 20 million people. The overwhelming majority of its population is Muslims, although a significant minority -between 10 and 20 per cent adheres to heterodox Sunni confession. The population is also diverse in both ethnic and linguistic terms. While two Indo- Iranian languages Persian and Pustho- are the ones most widely heard in the country, one also encounters speakers of Turk, Dravidian, Nuristani, and other languages. Afghanistan besides ethnicaly and linguistically, is also divided economically and spatially. Shaping of Fundamentalism Power Struggle the Root Cause. The Afghanistan is in turmoil since 1973. In 1973 Mohammed Daoud khan staged a coup, deposing his cousin king Zahir Shah and appointing himself as president. Daoud captured power with the help of Soviet- trained military officers, who were members of the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). On 27 Apr 1978, the leftist military officers overthrew Mohammed Daoud Khan in a surprise coup and Noor Mohammed Taraki came to power. Due to internal disputes within the Taraki Camp there was widespread killing of tribal leaders to extend control over them. Thus Amin overthrew and killed Taraki and made overtures to the USA. Russian Intervention. The Russian Intervention in Afghanistan played a crucial role for its subsequent control and a state of anarchy in the region. The reason for russian intervention in Afghanistan were as under:- Iranian Connection. During Oct 1974 The Shah of Iran offered aid worth $ 2 billion to Kabul and also give secure access to Iranian port of Bandar Abbas to the sea via Iran, there by reducing the Soviet leverage as the only alternative route for Afghan overland trade. The increased overtures of iran towards Afghanistan increased Soviet apprehensions. Inclination to USA. The Amin after assuming the power from Taraki made overtures towards USA. This caused Moscow panic and at this stage the Soviets decided to intervene militarily to stabilize the situation, instead the soviets got sucked into the war. Situation after Soviet Withdrawal. After the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan in 1989. The number of Mujahideen faction who fought their Jihad against Soviet forces and communist regime of Kabul tried to capture the power in Kabul. The Afghan society was highly divided on tribal and ethnolinguistically lines at that time. The mujahideen warlords were also fragmented along these lines. As their communities interests were involved hence a consensus government could not be formed and neither a power sharing agreement could reach between them. The end result was anarchy in Afghanistan. Pakistan, which was a front line state for Americans and western nation for arms supplies to mujahideen during Soviet occupation of Afghanistan had now its own interest in keeping the Afghan disintegrated as it wanted it establish its own puppet government there, so it backed number of mujahideen groups but when they failed to capture the power in Kabul, it started the Taliban movement with Sau di money and US planning and Pakistans manpower. Pakistans Objectives. Pakistan objectives in Afghanistan are two fold. The first was to secure a receptive leader ship in Kabul which would ensure the transformation of Afghanistan into a Pakistan dominated, Pushtun ruled enclave and assist Pakistans goal of wider regional influence, and broader regional political, economic and strategic gains. The other was to enable Pakistan to enmesh the identity of Pakistans and Afghanistan Pushtun into one and settle once and for all the longstanding Afghanistan -Pakistan border dispute in line with Pakistans interests. These considerations assumed greater urgency after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which not only signalled the imminent end of communist rule in Kabul, but also opened up the potentially resource rich Central Asian Republic( CAR). Growth of Taliban Birth of Taliban. It is generally accepted by Afghanistan watchers that the Taliban had its birth in the rugged mountains of the Pak-Afghan border, inside Pakistan territory some time in Aug 1994. By early 1994 it became obvious to the ISI that the Burhanuddin Rabbani regime, not very friendly to Islamabad, was slowly consolidating itself in Kabul. While they were looking for alternative s, Maj Gen (Retd) Naseerullah Babar, the Interior Minister in the second Benazir Bhutto government floated the idea of creating a students militia along with some veterans from the Afghan mujahideen who had fought the Red Army and who had taken shelter in Pakistan. Gen Babar started his search for suitable leaders from around April-May 1994. In the process, he came across a certain Mohammad Umar Mujahid. Later widely known as Mullah Umar. By the end of May 1994 the basic infrastructure for launching the Taliban was in place. Around this time, the meeting with the Jamait Ulema Islam headed by Maulana Fazlur Rahman started bearing fruit in terms of deputing its students for the proposed outfit, which it proposed to call Taliban. Most of the Taliban are the children of the Jihad against Soviet Union. Many were born in Pakistani refugee camps, educated in Pakistani madrassas and learnt their fighting skill from Afghan Mujahideen parties based in Pakistan. Their families continued to live in Pakistan as refugees even after the fall of Kabul to the Mujahideen in 1992. The Taliban the Army of Islamic students -was raised from the madrassas on the Afghan Pakistan border. Sociologically, Pakistan had based this new revolution upon the segment of the fanatical and illiterate village mullahs- the land less and weakest section of Afghan society. They are generally orphans who prefer to live in madrassas for three square meals a day. Pakistani Connection. Many Taliban carry Pakistani identity cards, as they spent years in refuge camps in Pakistan, and thousand voted in the 1997 elections Baluchistan for their favourite Pakistani party- the Jamiat -e Ulema-I Islam. Moreover the Taliban recruited hundreds of Pakistani Islamic fundamentalist students to fight for their causes and were closely linked to Pakistans fundamentalist Islamic parties such as the Jamait -e Uleama Islam led by Maulana Fazular Rahman. Their social history also allowed them to be extremely well connected to many Pakistani state institution, political parties and business groups in what was already an extremely fragmented Pakistani power structure. Thus the Taliban were never beholden to one exclusive Pakistani lobby. ISI Support to Taliban. It is believed that the Taliban Shura and Umer are only a front and the actual thinking and strategy is provide by the former and serving members of the Inter Services Intelligence Agency (ISI) of Pakistan. It wold be difficult to explain otherwise how the students of madrassas, dedicated to religious learning as a way to life almost overnight became warriors. The improvised madrassas in the NWFP and Baluchistan would hardly be in a position to impart any military training, unless they have sound and organized financial and military backing. In any event, over the last two years Lt Gen (Retd.) Hameed Gul, former Chief of the ISI, has emerged as an important spokesperson of the Taliban movement. Large number of former Pakistani military personnel a have been spotted in Taliban camps actively engaged in Taliban activities. PART II: ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN BANGLADESH Brief History Formation of Bangladesh. Bangladesh emerged as a new state in 1971 after a protracted struggle for autonomy, which evolved into a freedom movement against the Punjabi-dominated military bureaucratic establishment of Pakistan. Religion and Constitution. Though the initial Constitution of Bangladesh unambiguously enshrined secularism, which was to be realised by eliminating communalism in all its forms, and the establishment of multi-party democracy as fundamental political values. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman had spelt out the meaning of secularism in the context of the Muslim society. He had explained that secularism does not mean absence of religion. The people of Bangladesh would have the right to religion but nobody would be allowed to use religion as a political weapon. Islam in Bangladesh has been based on three types of religious beliefs: modern, orthodox and popular. A majority of the Muslims of Bangladesh practice popular religion that includes faith in pirs, sacred places, Hindu gods and local deities and spirits. The Jamaat-i- Islami had no appeal in the political environment in East Pakistan since 1947. In, the Jamaat-i-Islami had only one member in that part of Pakistan. Bangladeshs Drift Towards Extremism. However, after the military coup dà ©tat of 1975, secularism was replaced by the words Faith in Almighty Allah in the revised constitution. A new era of the relationship with Middle Eastern Muslim countries, brought Wahhabi ideology back home from Arabia and created a social ground and support base for future fundamentalists in the country. In 1988, another military dictator declared Islam the state religion of Bangladesh by amending the Constitution. To create an aura of political legitimacy as well as to win support from the oil-rich Middle Eastern Muslim countries, military regimes rehabilitated and eventually collaborated with Islamic political organizations, some of which were radical and fundamentalist in nature. 43 Both military regimes tried to overcome their legitimacy crises by manipulating the political issue of Islamic identity. In this way, the military regimes not only created the opportunity for the Islamists to be a part of mainst ream politics in Bangladesh, but they also made Islamization an agenda of the state and Islam the de facto state ideology.44Subsequent democratic governments could not overcome the religious ideology created by the military regimes. During the anti-military period of the 1980s, the two major political parties, the Bangladesh Awami League (AL) and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), continued to maintain tactical relationships with fundamentalist political organizations. The party that won the general elections in 1991 and 2001 formed a coalition with fundamentalist political organizations. The two of the militant fundamentalist organizations of this period that shocked the country the most were the HUJIB and the JMB. The mother organization of the HUJIB was located in Pakistan. Fundamentalist Acts in Bangladesh. Between March 6, 1999 and January 27, 2005, militant Islamists killed at least 156 people in Bangladesh. Bombs were thrown mostly at secular cultural gatherings, courthouses, and Sufi shrines. Worst among them were the bomb attacks at Udichi programs (a secularist cultural organization) programs, the Ahmadiyya mosque (a minority Islamic religious sect), Bengali new year celebrations, churches, movie theatres, the Bangladeshi born British High Commissioner to Bangladesh, and at the rally of the party of opposition. The bomb attack that shocked the country most was the blast of August 17, 2005, where 459 bombs were exploded in 63 of the 64 districts in the country between 11:00 and 11:30 am. There were also several attacks on secularist NGO (Non-Government Organization) activists and newspapers. Two militant religious fundamentalist organizations, Harkatul Jihad al-Islam Bangladesh (HUJIB), and Jamaatul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), carried out these a ttacks. These two groups alone exploded hundreds of bombs throughout the country during this period in order to establish an Islamic regime in the country. In addition to these two groups, other militant Islamist organizations, active in this period that were also involved in similar violent and terrorist activities included, Shahadat al-Hikma, Hizbut Tawhid, Bangladesh Islamic Manch, and Hifajate Khatme Nabuwat Andolon. Pakistan Link. The two of the major and active militant fundamentalist organizations of Bangladesh are HUJIB (Harkatul Jihad al-Islam of Bangladesh) and the JMB (Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh). The mother organization of the HUJIB was located in Pakistan. The Pakistani HUJI had first appeared in the early 1980s as a group of supporters of the Afghan resistance against Soviet aggression, known as Jamaatul Ansar (Group of the Helpers). With the support of Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence Agency (ISI), the group renamed itself as Harkatul Jihad al-Islam (The Movement for the Islamic Jihad) in 1988.53 In the 1990s it expanded its operations beyond Afghanistan, especially in support of the struggle of Muslims in non-Muslim countries. Shafiqur Rahman, an Afghan war veteran, founded the Harkatul Jihad al-Islami Bangladesh in 1992. The organization officially declared its existence at a press conference at the National Press Club in Dhaka on April 30, 1992. Presently there are approx 27 militant outfits in Indias Northeast that have ties with Bangladesh and its various religio-political groups. The ISI and Bangladeshs DGFI coordinate with ULFA. The influx of migrants from Bangladesh across the border into north-east India and West Bengal certainly poses a threat of Islamic militancy spreading in these regions of India as well. During the rule of the BNP-led four-party alliance between 2001 and 2006, militant Islamic groups such as the HUJIB and JMB received significant material and moral support from Islamists within the alliance. PART III:THE DANGER IN NEPAL Gen. Nepal is a Hindu kingdom but not a Hindu state and religious minorities have lived in the Kingdom without any discrimination. Over the last several years, the Kingdom, however, has been in turmoil. It has been plagued by Maoist insurgency and the struggle for end of monarchy and establishment of Democracy in the Kingdom. Both these major struggle were over by 2006. However the country had to think and work out the settlement before the maoist can be adopted and the new constitution can be enacted for the country. Though the country is pro India and anti Islamic Fundamentalism, but a disturbed situation has been exploited by the anti India countries over the years. The use of Nepal soil by the Islamist for causing disturbance in India have been established time again.The presence of militant Islamists on the India-Nepal border has been causing concern in the contiguous Indian areas. Geographical Realities. It may be noted that India has an open, porous border with Nepal, which is 1,859 km-long. There are almost 20 Indian districts that share the border with 27 Nepalese districts. The open border provides a free field to all kinds of criminal activities, like drug trafficking, smuggling, intelligence activities, fake currency, fugitives, etc. Matter of Concern. What has caused concern is the emergence of numerous madrassas and mosques on both sides of the border. The number of mosques is certainly not justified by the number of Muslims in the area. The madrassas are largely funded from West Asia. These developments too have serious implications for India. The 1999 hijacking of the Indian Airlines plane on a flight from Kathmandu to New Delhi, which ultimately ended with the release of three top Pakistani terrorist leaders, showed that the ISI had set up an active base in Nepal. Some Kashmiri groups belonging to Hizb-ul Mujahideen have been caught in Nepal trying to send money to Islamic separatists in Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistani presence in Nepal is reflected in the growth of madrassas, increase in Muslim population, floating of fake Indian currency and is helped by an open border and lack of monitoring system. PART IV: ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN SRI LANKAN Origin and Growth of Islamic Fundamentalism. Muslims in Sri Lanka are the descendants of the Arabs, who came about a thousand years ago. The origins of Islamic fundamentalism in the country, however, are recent and can be traced to 1990 when the Sri Lankan ethnic Tamils drove away Muslims from the Eastern region under their control. This forced migration increased Muslim population in the districts to which they had migrated. No effort was made by the government to rehabilitate these uprooted Muslim refugees, who had to live in poverty and misery. Over time, madrassas came up, funded by munificent Arabs. Frequent Sinhala-Muslim communal clashes began to take place. Shariat courts were set up and strict rules imposed on Muslim women in the Eastern areas. The situation in the Muslim areas deteriorated and Muslim- Buddhist clashes became a regular feature. Militant camps were set up in the Eastern areas where volunteers were given arms and weapons training in the jungles and they called themselves jihadis fighting a holy war for protecting themselves. Ironically, the government itself had provided arms to the Muslims in the early 1980s to protect themselves against the LTTE. Also, attempts were made on part of the government to use Islamic militancy as a buffer against the LTTE. The country has been facing the threat of Tamil Eelam. The situation in the Eastern province is a potential bloody cauldron. There have been reports of two Islamic militant bases in Valaichchenai. The formation of an Osama Squad in Batticaloa has also come to notice. All this indicates growth of extremist elements in the community. Pak Involvement. The ISI is keenly interested to collect intelligence about developments in Indian nuclear establishments, many of which are located in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In this background, the appointment by Pakistan two years ago of a former director of the Intelligence Bureau as its High Commissioner in Colombo was not without significance. There has been an increase in the activities of Lashkar-e-Toiba in the Eastern province. PART V: ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM AND INDIA Fundamentalist Parties Post Independence. After independence apart from some minor outfits, there were two main fundamentalist parties in the country, the Jamiat-al Ulema-i-Hind and the Jamaat-t-Islami. The Jamiat-al Ulema, which had opposed the creation of Pakistan till the end, withdrew from Indian politics after the freedom and the framing of the Indian Constitution. While the Jamaat-i-Islami was divided after the emergence of Pakistan in 1947 and some members of the Jamaat, including its founder, Maulana Abul Ala Maududi, migrated to Pakistan, with an aim of creating an Islamic country. While the, members of the Jamaat, who stayed back in India, formed a separate Jamaat in April 1948. The leaders of the Indian Jamaat opposed secularism in all walks of life and decided not to participate in elections, and decided to opt out of the Indian political system. However Jamaat accepted the secularism in 1960s, though with some reservations. The Jamaat members from Jammu Kashmir have not been part of the Indian Jamaat and formed a separate party in the state. Growth of Islamic Fundamentalism in India. India is marred with a plethora of terrorist/ insurgency related problems, terrorism in Punjab, insurgency in its NE, Maoist insurgency in its Central Part, Islamic Fundamentalism in J K and till late LTTE influence in its southern part. However among all these the threat from Islamic fundamentalism by large, poses the most complex and significant threat to India. India comprises of largest Muslim population after Indonesia in south Asia. Islamic fundamentalism in the form of terrorism in India was initially limited to the region of J K, but today it has spread its tentacles to other parts of India too. The series of bombing episodes in Mumabai, Banglore, Hyderabad, Varanasi, the hijacking of Indian airlines, attack on parliament, mumbai 26/11, etc are testimony to the growing influence of Islamic fundamentalism in India. India clearly has become a target of jihad in the age of globalisation. Islamic fundamentalism is against democracy and equal rights for all citizens, irrespective of caste, creed, or gender. Its further growth will disrupt peace and stability in the country and in the entire region. Pakistan Invovement. It was well realised by various pakistani rulers and dictators that subdueing India with military might is near to impossible and a proxy war in the form of Jihad would accrue disproportionate result. Keeping this aspect in mind Gen Jia-ul-Haque implemented this plan during his tenure. This plan of destabilising India, was implemented through the ISI, an intelligence agency whose officer cadre is drawn from Pakistan Army which is considered to be the state Instrument of this policy, Pakistan involvement in creating and fostering religious extremist groups and terror organisations in Kashmir and elsewhere in India is well documented. PART VI: PAK INVOLVEMENT IN GROWTH OF ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN SOUTH ASIA Through our previous study it ha sbeen amply established that the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan is not only responsible for the present situation in Afghanistan and in Jammu and Kashmir, but it also has far reaching consequences for all countries of the South Asian region. All South Asian countries are pluralistic and face at different levels, internal tensions and conflicts based on caste, religion, ethnicity, language and community, and these distort their national integrity and unity. Religious nationalism has made a great headway not only in Pakistan but also in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. It has made Pakistan a haven for Islamic terrorists, including Al Qaida, and it inspires terrorist activity in Kashmir. Some of the features of Islamic extremism in South Asia are: religiously defined national identity, undermining of democracy by promoting majoritarian theory and practice of non-liberal democracy and accentuation of international conflicts on ethno-religious lines, for example, between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India and Muslim Bangladesh. The fundamentalists aim to turn the Muslim majority states of the region into Islamic states and start jihad in those countries where Muslims are in a minority. There is no accurate information about the exact number of madrassas in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and India. Many of these madrassas disseminate the militant ideology of Islamic fundamentalism and turn out militants. These contribute to the ongoing destabilisation not only in Pakistan but also in other countries of the region. The potential radicalisation of Indian Muslims is also a cause of concern. The Pakistan had the repercussions in other countries of the region. The major Islamic party, the Jamaat-i- Islami of Pakistan, and the Tablighi Jamaat and their militant offshoots has a strong presence in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. There is a wide network of Deobandi and Wahabi madrassas in almost each South Asian country and many of them are being funded by Saudi and Pakistani sources. Pakistan has been sponsoring a militant terrorist campaign in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir for the last two decades. Pakistans official agencies have been active in promoting militant groups in all countries of the region. In India, there has also been a visible increase in the activities of Pakistani-sponsored militant groups, like Lashkar-e Toiba and Jaish-e Muhammad. South Asia is the most complex region of the world in terms of religion, and is inhabited by the followers of all major religions. Islam, after Hinduism, is one of the major religions of South Asia. It has the second lar gest following (29 per cent) after Hinduism (64 per cent). Almost four out of every 10 South Asians are Muslims, and they form the single largest Muslim population in the world. Islam in the region has had to co-exist, ever since its arrival in the Indian subcontinent in the first century of the Islamic calendar, with a bewildering variety of religions and cults. All the countries in the region that emerged after Independence are hence multireligious, multi-ethnic and multi-linguistic. India is larger, both in size and population, than all the other countries of the region combined. It has also the largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. Conclusion Muslims constitute the majority of the population in three of the seven countries in South Asia, i.e., Pakistan, Bangladesh and Maldives, and they are also a significant minority in India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. But Muslims of South Asia are not a monolithic community. Even at the height of the Mughal Regional Implications of the Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism in Pakistan rule in India, the Muslims of the region did not constitute a single harmonious community. They are divided in different Islamic sects, subsects and schools of thought. Though a majority of them belong to the Sunni sect, each South Asian country has a substantial number of Shias and other minority sects and schools. Almost every country in the region also faces unresolved ethnic, communal and linguistic tensions that at times lead to major conflicts. The terrorist campaign in Jammu Kashmir- waged mainly by militant Islamic groups sponsored and trained by Pakistans agencies and the disruptive activities of the Islam ic fundamentalist parties within Pakistan, therefore have wider implications and pose a major threat to the region. The rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan has had serious implications for social and political stability in the region and a highly volatile impact on relations among communities adhering to different faiths. References/End Notes

Davidsons Beliefs, Rationality and Psychophysical Laws :: Psychology Essays

Davidson's Beliefs, Rationality and Psychophysical Laws ABSTRACT: Davidson argues (1) that the connection between belief and the "constitutive ideal of rationality" (2) precludes the possibility of their being any type-type identities between mental and physical events. However, there are radically different ways to understand both the nature and content of this "constitutive ideal," and the plausibility of Davidson’s argument depends on blurring the distinction between two of these ways. Indeed, it will be argued here that no consistent understanding of the constitutive ideal will allow it to play the dialectical role Davidson intends for it. I. Davidson’s Argument Davidson argues that there can’t be type-type identities between metal and physical events because: (a) if there were such identities, then there would be lawlike statements relating mental and physical events, and (b) there can be no such lawlike statements. According to Davidson, there can be no lawlike connections between the mental and the physical because of the ‘disparate commitments’ (3) of the two realms. Davidson’s argument for this claim can be schematized very roughly as follows: 1. The application of mental predicates is constrained by the constitutive ideal of rationality. 2. The application of physical predicates is not constrained in this way. 3. Therefore, there can be no lawlike statements relating the two sorts of predicate. According to Davidson, if we are to ascribe propositional attitudes such as beliefs and desires to people at all, we are committed to finding them to be rational. As Davidson puts it ‘[n]othing a person could say or do would count as good enough grounds for the attribution of a straightforwardly and obviously contradictory belief.’ (4) If someone were treated as having such manifestly contradictory beliefs, the fault would lie with the interpretation of the person’s thoughts, not with the thoughts themselves. (5) Since this ‘constitutive ideal of rationality’ controls our interpretations, ‘we must stand prepared, as the evidence accumulates, to adjust our theory in the light of considerations of overall cogency,’ (6) and in doing so we ‘necessarily impose conditions of coherence, rationality, and consistency’ (7) on the beliefs ascribed. The constitutive ideal will thus affect which mental predicates we actually attribute. Th ere is, however, no corresponding pressure upon our attribution of physical predicates. As a result, we cannot expect there to be any lawlike connections between the two types of predicates, even if the two happen to occur together. As Davidson puts it: As long as it is behavior and not something else we want to describe and explain, we must warp the evidence to fit this frame.

Informed Consent

Ethics Paper Informed Consent in Industrial/Psychological Research July 31, 2011 Foundations of Industrial/Organizational Psychology Abstract There are certain conditions where reasonable exceptions that APA ethical standards and federal guidelines insure in research that human participation will be ethical due to informed consent. In federal guidelines the preferred mechanism is informed consent in order to protect the human participants (APA, 1992). Informed Consent Informed consent is when an individual gives permission to participate in future events after receiving instruction about the events they may wish to be a part of. Informed consent is put in place to prevent lawsuits. Obtaining consent is similar in all circumstances (Jones, 2011). In order to be considered valid, informed consent must be given voluntarily from a participant that is competent (Cherry, 2011). When is Informed Consent Required? In order to arrive at a better understanding of the subject matter, research is necessary. When conducting research and using human participants, the need to know whether informed consent is necessary is vital. To err on the side of safety, always obtain informed consent in any research situation if you have any doubts as to the necessity (Cherry, 2011). Require and acquire informed consent if: 1). Participants answer questions in their native language. Determine what data is needed, true/false or multiple choice questions, or surveys and whether or not this material can provide needed data. 2). When using a small group of participants, but determine ahead of time how many participants you will need. 3). When using identifying information or questions answered regarding sensitive or controversial language from your participants, also make the decision whether you can allow the participants to remain anonymous (Cherry, 2011). Exceptions to Informed Consent There are very limited conditions where both the APA and federal guidelines allow exceptions to informed consent. The APA is less explicit to the necessary conditions for exceptions, where the federal guidelines are very explicit. Examples are as follows: There has to be minimal risk involved in the research, the welfare of the participants’ rights are not affected by either altering or waiving informed consent, without the waiver, the research cannot be practically carried out, or having participated, upon completion of the research, the participants can be informed. These are the only exceptions the federal guidelines allow to informed consent (45 CFR Part 46, 1991). In I/O Psychology, field studies allow for exceptions to informed consent that sometimes meet these conditions. On occasion, there is data collection that serves both science and practice that is collected from employees. An example would be recording a telephone conversation at the local phone company where customer service employees and customers are monitored for coaching related to employee relations and/or performance. The customer and employee are informed of the conversation being recorded. If the data was going to be used in a study such as persuasion or negotiation, by the researcher, or as a study, both the customer and the employee would have to be informed of the purpose of the research prior to the recording and a consent needed to participate or the need of an acceptable exception to informed consent would apply (Ilgen & Bell, 2001). There have been a number of conditions that continue to cause or raise concern regarding the researchers’ ability to rationalize exceptions to informed consent, this being in spite of I/O Psychological research being carried out in ways that protect the research participants’ well-being without the use of informed consent, one being a shift in the oversight of the ethical treatment of research participants. Once upon a time, (IRBs) or Institutional Review Boards were established at organizations and were involved in the conduct and research protocols, for human participant treatment. IRB members were gathered from outside and inside the organization to represent the expectations and values of communities. Board members values of the treatment of human participants in research and also by the ethical standards that were affiliated by the professional associations of the ethical standards (IRB, 1997). Control over what is and what is not reasonable treatment of human participants, today, still exists in IRBs and the ethical standards of scientific associations, such as the APA. An example is authors submitting their work to psychological journals such as Psychological Science, are instructed to inform the public that, â€Å"Investigations on human participants must include a statement indicating that informed consent was obtained†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Psychological Science, 1999). Informed consent is required; there is no option for exceptions (APA, 1992). Conclusion When obtained from the participant or participants’ legally authorized representative, documented in a consistent manner with the Health and Human Services protection of human participants regulations, and with applicable laws of the jurisdiction in which the research is conducted, informed consent is considered legally effective. In other words, the regulations ensure that an investigator should seek consent only under circumstances that provide the participant or a representative that is legally authorized the sufficient opportunity to consider if they are willing to participate and minimizes the possibility of undue influence or coercion. The information should be presented in a manner that is understandable to the participant or legal representative. Exculpatory language is not to be included whether written or oral with informed consent requirements in the regulations and are not intended to override any applicable local, state, or federal laws that require additional information to be legally effective for consent (45 CFR 46. 116(e), 1991). References American Psychological Association. Committee for the Protection of Human Participants in Research. 1992). Ethical Principles. American Psychologist, 47. Cherry, K. (2011). What is Informed Consent? Retrieved from http://psychology. about. com/od/iindex/g/def_informedcon. htm on July 31, 2011. Federal Register. (1991). Protection of human subjects: Title 45, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 46, Vol. 56 Number 28003. June 18. Federal Register (1997). Protection of human subjects: Suggested revisions to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) expedited review list. Vol. 62. Number 217. 60607, November 10, pp. 1-8 Ilgen, D. R. & Bell, B. S. (2001). Conducting Industrial and Organizational Psychological Research: Institutional Review of Research in Work Organizations. Ethics and Behavior, 11, 395-412. Jones, A. (2011). How to obtain consent. Retrieved from www. ehow. com/how_7789509_obtain_informed-consent. html on July 31, 2011. Psychological Sciences. (1999). Information for contributors, 10, inside back cover of each issue.

The Veldt, By George And Lydia Hadley - 1185 Words

In The Veldt, George and Lydia Hadley are the parents of Wendy and Peter Hadley, and they live in a technologically driven house that will do everything for its inhabitants - transport them upstairs, brushes their teeth, cook their food, and clean the house. The story begins when Lydia asks George if he s noticed anything wrong with the nursery, the most expensive and exciting room of the house. The glass walls have the ability to project the landscape and environment of any place that the mind of the visitor wishes. During this particular visit, George and Lydia are surrounded by the African countryside. In the distance, lions are licking the bones of their prey clean. The images are so startlingly life like that when the holographic lions begin to charge, George and Lydia run for the door to escape. Outside of the nursery, Lydia comments that she heard screams coming from the room earlier in the day, but George tries to ease her worries. He wants to believe that the children are psychologically healthy, not that they are fixated on blood and violence. After all, one of the selling points of the room was that the children would be able to use the room as an outlet for their emotions, and the places that the room visited would provide information for the adults who were curious about the young minds. Lydia senses that something dark is brooding in her children s brain. As they sit down to dinner, which is all provided through the house s technology, George suggestsShow MoreRelatedThe Veldt By Ray Bradbury1664 Words   |  7 PagesThe Veldt The Veldt , a chilling short story by Ray Bradbury, reveals the dangers of technology on society. In the story, the Hadley family lives in an automated house that does everything for them, and this leads to all of the family s problems. The parents in the family feel nervous about the house s nursery, which is a virtual reality room which can change to become anything the viewer is thinking of. The children in the story love the house more than their parents, and stop Lydia and GeorgeRead MoreCritical Analysis of The Veldt1235 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The Veldt† by Ray Bradbury deals with some of the same fundamental problems that we are now encountering in this modern day and age, such as the breakdown of family relationships due to technology. Ray Bradbury is an American writer who lived from 1920 to 2012 (Paradowski). Written in 1950, â€Å"The Veldt† is even more relevant to today than it was then. The fundamental issue, as Marcelene Cox said, â€Å"Parents are often so busy with the physical rearing of children that they miss the glory of parenthoodRead MoreThe Veldt: Science Fiction or The Inevitable Future1315 Words   |  6 PagesPulitzer prize in 2004 for his literary work, like â€Å"The Veldt.† The overall theme of Bradbury’s short stories and novels is that the world is undergoing a too rapid and pervasive technological change(Bradbury). â€Å"The Veldt† discusses a family of four living in a house in which everything is done for them. There is not one task that the â€Å"Happylife Home† cannot complete with its advanced technological aspects. Twins Peter and Wendy Hadley that live in the â€Å"Happylife Home† cannot even brush theirRead MoreMind and Children804 Words   |  3 Pagesin paragraph form after you have closely read The Veldt at least 2 or 3 times. Questions for The Veldt FOCUS ON THE FAMILY Describe and evaluate the relationships between the parents (George and Lydia) and the children (Wendy and Peter) in the Hadley family.   (comprehension and evaluation) 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚   How does Bradbury show us what their relationship is like? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What does the interchange between George and the children reveal? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lydia quotes an old saying, â€Å"Children are carpets, theyRead MoreThe Veldt by Ray Bradbury1008 Words   |  5 Pagesmagician, â€Å"Mr. Electrico.† Bradbury wrote many science fiction books and short stories. Some of his most famous works include Fahrenheit 451, The Martian Chronicles, Something Wicked This Way, and more. â€Å"The Veldt† is about a family who lives in a technological house. The parents, George and Lydia Hadley, bought the house because they wanted the best for their children, Wendy and Peter. The house does all of the normal activities people do for themselves, such as tying their shoes or taking a shower. TheRead MoreThe Veldt, By Ray Bradbury1133 Words   |  5 Pagesoccur later on. Another example is generational conflict, which is argument or lack of understanding between different age groups, in which character interactions are emphasized within the story. These components can be found in the short story, â€Å"The Veld t,† by Ray Bradbury, who is a noted dystopian and science fiction writer. The story demonstrates generational conflict as we see the parents trying to discipline their children, but still give them everything they want and ask for, so that their childrenRead MoreFamilial Relationships in The Veldt by Ray Bradbury1474 Words   |  6 Pageshis prolific career as a science fiction writer (HarperCollinsPublishers). In order to reveal his ideology about a technological utopia to readers, Bradbury published â€Å"The Veldt, † a short story about the negative ramifications of technology’s ubiquitous manifestation within a household. In â€Å"The Veldt† George and Lydia Hadley and their children, Peter and Wendy, reside in their Happylife Home. The Happylife Home does all the chores, culinary, and other tasks normally done by humans, using state-of-the-artRead MoreEssay on The Veldt1782 Words   |  8 PagesFahrenheit 451. The veldt was published originally as â€Å"The Word the Children Made† in The Saturday Evening post and later republished in â€Å"The illustrated man† in 1951. The rise in the popularity of T.V. had a direct influence on â€Å"The Veldt.† At the time the story was written, many American families were acquiring their first television sets, and no one was sure exactly how this new technology would impact the relationships among family members and this fear is reflected in â€Å"The Veldt†. Characters Read MoreAnalysis Of The Veldt By Ray Bradbury726 Words   |  3 PagesIn today’s society, people count on technology and think it is improving the world for families. In the story â€Å"The Veldt† Ray Bradbury, the renowned author, believes the opposite and that being dependent on technology is going to damage the world. Through characterization and symbolism, Bradbury conveys that overlying on technology can be harmful for families. Through the use of characterization, Bradbury characterizes the children as spoiled and disrespectful because of the influence of technologyRead MoreTechnology and Family Issues in The Veldt by Ray Bradbury Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology is winning because of the desire to keep playing in the nursery. â€Å"The Veldt† is a short story written by Ray Bradbury who was born on August 22, 1920 and passed away on June 5, 2012. He was very interested in the science fiction genre and Edgar Allan Poe (Kattelman). Kattelman states that Bradbury, â€Å"as a young child was influenced by Poe† (Kattelman). This liking of the science fiction genre is shown in â€Å"The Veldt† by showing a futuristic time where a house can do anything a man can do and